Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Size, Share, And Growth Report 2032

Smart Waste Collection Technology Market

Smart Waste Collection Technology Market By Solution (Network Management, Optimization Solutions, Asset Management, Reporting and Analytics Solutions, and Others), By Service (Managed and Professional), and By End-User (Municipalities, Manufacturing & Industrial, Healthcare, Construction, Food & Retail, and Others): Global Industry Perspective, Comprehensive Analysis, and Forecast, 2024-2032.

Category: Technology & Media Report Format : PDF Pages: 110 Report Code: ZMR-4602 Published Date: Sep-2024 Status : Published
Market Size in 2023 Market Forecast in 2032 CAGR (in %) Base Year
USD 2.32 Billion USD 5.55 Billion 10.2% 2023

Smart Waste Collection Technology Market

Table Of Content

  • Chapter 1. Preface
    • 1.1. Report Description
      • 1.1.1. Objective
      • 1.1.2. Target Audience
      • 1.1.3. Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & Offerings
    • 1.2. Research Scope
    • 1.3. Research Methodology
      • 1.3.1. Market Research Process
      • 1.3.2. Market Research Methodology
      • 1.3.3. Level 1: Primary Research
      • 1.3.4. Level 2: Secondary Research
      • 1.3.5. Level 3: Data Validation and Expert Panel Assessment
  •  
  • Chapter 2. Executive Summary
    • 2.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 2.2. Smart Waste Collection Technology: Snapshot
  •  
  • Chapter 3. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market - Industry Analysis
    • 3.1. Introduction
    • 3.2. Industry ecosystem analysis
    • 3.3. Technology landscape
    • 3.4. Market Drivers
      • 3.4.1. North America
      • 3.4.2. Europe
      • 3.4.3. Asia Pacific
      • 3.4.4. Latin America
      • 3.4.5. The Middle East and Africa
    • 3.5. Opportunity
    • 3.6. Innovation & Sustainability
    • 3.7. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
    • 3.8. PESTLE Analysis
    • 3.9. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market: Market Attractiveness Analysis
      • 3.9.1. Market Attractiveness Analysis by Service
      • 3.9.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis by Solution
      • 3.9.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis by End-User
      • 3.9.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region
  •  
  • Chapter 4. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market - Competitive Landscape
    • 4.1. Company Market Share Analysis, 2018
    • 4.2. Strategic Development
      • 4.2.1. Acquisitions and Mergers
      • 4.2.2. New Product Launch
      • 4.2.3. Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations, and Joint Ventures
      • 4.2.4. Research & Development and Regional Expansion
    • 4.3. Product Portfolio
  •  
  • Chapter 5. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market - Service Analysis
    • 5.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Share, by Service, 2018 and 2025
    • 5.2. Managed Services
      • 5.2.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Managed Services, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 5.3. Professional Services
      • 5.3.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Professional Services, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
  •  
  • Chapter 6. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market - Solution Analysis
    • 6.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Share, by Solution, 2018 and 2025
    • 6.2. Network Management
      • 6.2.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Network Management, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 6.3. Optimization Solutions
      • 6.3.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Optimization Solutions, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 6.4. Asset Management
      • 6.4.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Asset Management, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 6.5. Reporting and Analytics Solutions
      • 6.5.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Reporting and Analytics Solutions, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 6.6. Others
      • 6.6.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Others, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
  •  
  • Chapter 7. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market - End-User Analysis
    • 7.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Share, by End-User, 2018 and 2025
    • 7.2. Municipalities
      • 7.2.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Municipalities, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 7.3. Manufacturing and Industrial
      • 7.3.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Manufacturing and Industrial, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 7.4. Healthcare
      • 7.4.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Healthcare, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 7.5. Construction
      • 7.5.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Construction, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 7.6. Food & Retail
      • 7.6.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Food & Retail, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 7.7. Others
      • 7.7.1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Others, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
  •  
  • Chapter 8. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market - Regional Analysis
    • 8.1. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Share, by Region, 2018 and 2025
    • 8.2. North America
      • 8.2.1. North America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.2.2. North America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.2.3. North America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.2.4. North America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.2.5. The U.S.
        • 8.2.5.1. The U.S. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.2.5.2. The U.S. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.2.5.3. The U.S. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.2.6. Canada
        • 8.2.6.1. Canada Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.2.6.2. Canada Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.2.6.3. Canada Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 8.3. Europe
      • 8.3.1. Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.3.2. Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.3.3. Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.3.4. Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.3.5. UK
        • 8.3.5.1. UK Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.3.5.2. UK Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.3.5.3. UK Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.3.6. France
        • 8.3.6.1. France Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.3.6.2. France Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.3.6.3. France Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.3.7. Germany
        • 8.3.7.1. Germany Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.3.7.2. Germany Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.3.7.3. Germany Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.3.8. Rest of Europe
        • 8.3.8.1. Rest of Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.3.8.2. Rest of Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.3.8.3. Rest of Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 8.4. Asia Pacific
      • 8.4.1. Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.4.2. Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.4.3. Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.4.4. Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-user, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.4.5. China
        • 8.4.5.1. China Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.4.5.2. China Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.4.6. China Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.4.7. Japan
        • 8.4.7.1. Japan Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.4.7.2. Japan Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.4.7.3. Japan Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.4.8. India
        • 8.4.8.1. India Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.4.8.2. India Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.4.8.3. India Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.4.9. Rest of Asia Pacific
        • 8.4.9.1. Rest of Asia PacificSmart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.4.9.2. Rest of Asia PacificSmart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.4.9.3. Rest of Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 8.5. Latin America
      • 8.5.1. Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.5.2. Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.5.3. Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.5.4. Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.5.5. Brazil
        • 8.5.5.1. Brazil Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.5.5.2. Brazil Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.5.5.3. Brazil Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.5.6. Rest of Latin America
        • 8.5.6.1. Rest of Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.5.6.2. Rest of Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
        • 8.5.6.3. Rest of Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
    • 8.6. The Middle East and Africa
      • 8.6.1. The Middle East and Africa Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.6.2. The Middle East and Africa Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Service, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.6.3. The Middle East and Africa Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by Solution, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
      • 8.6.4. The Middle East and Africa Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, by End-User, 2016-2025 (USD Million)
  •  
  • Chapter 9. Company Profiles
    • 9.1. Bigbelly
      • 9.1.1. Overview
      • 9.1.2. Financials
      • 9.1.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.1.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.1.5. Recent Developments
    • 9.2. Ecube Labs
      • 9.2.1. Overview
      • 9.2.2. Financials
      • 9.2.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.2.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.2.5. Recent Developments
    • 9.3. Pepper+Fuchs
      • 9.3.1. Overview
      • 9.3.2. Financials
      • 9.3.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.3.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.3.5. Recent Developments
    • 9.4. Covanta Holding
      • 9.4.1. Overview
      • 9.4.2. Financials
      • 9.4.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.4.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.4.5. Recent Developments
    • 9.5. IBM
      • 9.5.1. Overview
      • 9.5.2. Financials
      • 9.5.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.5.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.5.5. Recent Developments
    • 9.6. Compology
      • 9.6.1. Overview
      • 9.6.2. Financials
      • 9.6.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.6.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.6.5. Recent Developments
    • 9.7. Waste Management
      • 9.7.1. Overview
      • 9.7.2. Financials
      • 9.7.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.7.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.7.5. Recent Developments
    • 9.8. SAP SE
      • 9.8.1. Overview
      • 9.8.2. Financials
      • 9.8.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.8.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.8.5. Recent Developments
    • 9.9. Enevo
      • 9.9.1. Overview
      • 9.9.2. Financials
      • 9.9.3. Product Portfolio
      • 9.9.4. Business Strategy
      • 9.9.5. Recent Developments

Table Of Figures

List of Figures

1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Segmentation 
2. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
3. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
4. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Attractiveness, by Service
5. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Attractiveness, by Solution
6. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Attractiveness, by End-User
7. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Attractiveness, by Region
8. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Share, by Service, 2018 and 2025
9. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Managed Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
10. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Professional Services, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
11. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Share, by Solution, 2018 and 2025
12. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Network Management, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
13. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Optimization Solutions, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
14. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Asset Management, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
15. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Reporting & Analytics Solutions, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
16. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Others, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
17. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Share, by End-User, 2018 and 2025
18. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Municipalities, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
19. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Manufacturing & Industrial, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
20. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Healthcare, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
21. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Construction, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
22. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Food & Retail, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
23. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market by Others, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
24. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Share, by Region, 2018 and 2025
25. North America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
26. Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
27.  Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
28. Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
29. The Middle East and Africa Smart Waste Collection Technology Market, 2016–2025 (USD Million)


Table Of Tables

List of Tables

1. Global Smart Waste Collection Technology Market: Snapshot
2. Drivers of the Smart Waste Collection Technology Market: Impact analysis
3. Restraints of the Smart Waste Collection Technology Market: Impact analysis
4. North America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
5. North America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
6. North America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-user, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
7. The U.S. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
8. The U.S. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
9. The U.S. Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
10. Canada Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
11. Canada Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
12. Canada Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
13. Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
14. Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
15. Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
16. UK Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
17. UK Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
18. UK Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
19. France Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
20. France Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
21. France Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
22. Germany Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
23. Germany Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
24. Germany Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
25. Rest of Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
26. Rest of Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
27. Rest of Europe Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
28. Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
29. Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
30. Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
31. China Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
32. China Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
33. China Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
34. Japan Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
35. Japan Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
36. Japan Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
37. India Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
38. India Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
39. India Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
40. Rest of Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
41. Rest of Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
42. Rest of Asia Pacific Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
43. Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
44. Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
45. Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
46. Brazil Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
47. Brazil Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
48. Brazil Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
49. Rest of Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
50. Rest of Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
51. Rest of Latin America Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
52. The Middle East and Africa Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Service, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
53. The Middle East and Africa Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By Solution, 2016–2025 (USD Million)
54. The Middle East and Africa Smart Waste Collection Technology Market Revenue, By End-User, 2016–2025 (USD Million)

Methodology

FrequentlyAsked Questions

Smart waste collection technology is an application of various software, sensors, and electronic equipment to improvise the waste collection process. 

According to study, the Smart Waste Collection Technology Market size was worth around USD 2.32 billion in 2023 and is predicted to grow to around USD 5.55 billion by 2032.

The CAGR value of Smart Waste Collection Technology Market is expected to be around 10.2% during 2024-2032.

North America has been leading the Smart Waste Collection Technology Market and is anticipated to continue on the dominant position in the years to come.

The Smart Waste Collection Technology Market is led by players like Bigbelly, Ecube Labs, Enevo, Pepperl+Fuchs, Covanta Holding, Smartbin, IBM, Compology, Waste Management, and SAP.

Choose License Type

  • zion payment modes

HappyClients

Office Address

Contact Us

Zion Market Research
Tel: +1 (302) 444-0166
USA/Canada Toll Free No.+1 (855) 465-4651

Asia Pacific Office

3rd Floor, Mrunal Paradise, Opp Maharaja Hotel, Pimple Gurav, Pune 411061, Maharashtra, India
Phone No +91 7768 006 007, +91 7768 006 008

Contact #

US OFFICE NO +1 (302) 444-0166
US/CAN TOLL FREE +1 (855) 465-4651
Email: sales@zionmarketresearch.com

We Are On Social

twitter

Industry Press Release

We Accept

We have secured system to process your transaction.

  • payment methods

Business Hours

Our support available to help you 24 hours a day, five days a week.

Monday - Friday: 9AM - 6PM

Saturday - Sunday: Closed